Symbolism In The Veil Essay -- Nathaniel Hawthorne

Symbolism In The Veil The veil that the minister wears in "The Ministers Black Veil", by Nathanial Hawthorne represents the emphasis on man's inner reality, and those thoughts and feelings which are not immediately obvious. As Hawthorne explored this inner nature, he found the source of dignity and virtue, and certain elements of darkness. When the minister first walks out of his home wearing the veil, everyone is astonished. This one man in this village decides to be a nonconformist and wear this veil without explanation. No one understands why the minister would wear such a veil for no reason at all. This is where all the assumptions begin to linger. All of the villagers have a story for why the veil is there. These people are not trying to understand it. These villagers are just trying convince themselves that the veil is hiding something, like a deformation of the ministers face. Others think that Mr. Hooper is hiding something else, like a secret no one is supposed to know about. This black veil conflicts with everyone in the village in some way. Is this veil a problem only because everyone is afraid of what they might be hiding? Perhaps this veil is a symbol of the mistrust Mr. Hooper has to those people closest to him or maybe he is trying to show this society that there is a greater lesson to be learned from this black veil than just an apparent one: That mysterious emblem was never once withdrawn. It shook with his measured breath as he gave out the psalm; it through its obscurity between him and the holy page, as he read the scripturesÂ… Did he seek to hide it from the dread Being whom he was addressing? (1281) After seeing the black veil upon the face of Mr. Hooper, every person in the villag... ... tremble at me alone? Â…Tremble also at each other! Have men avoided me, and women shown no pityÂ…only for my black veil? What, but the mystery which it obscurely typifies, has made this piece of crape so awful? When the friend shows his inmost heart to his friendÂ…when man does not vainly shrink form the eye of his Creator, loathsomely treasuring up the secret of his sin; then deem me a monster, for the symbol beneath which I have lived, and die! I look around me, and lo! On every visage a black veil! (1288-89) The black veil is a symbol, something that Hawthorne uses to stand for the blocked wall between all human souls. Hawthorne is simply suggesting that every person wears his own "black veil". On the other hand, if people are willing to acknowledge the darkness in themselves, there will come a time when everyone shall set aside their veils.

Management Theories

ABSTRACT Management is the most important part of any organization. No organization can achieve its objectives without proper management. So management is considered the hub of any organization. As society continuously relied on group effort, and as many organized groups have become large, the task of managers has been increasing in importance and complexity. To meet the challenges like competition, efficient and economical uses of sources and maximum output, knowledge of management and theories of management is basic requirement.Henceforth, managerial theory has become crucial in the way managers manage complex organizations. This article will provide the basic information of main management theories and how they have developed. It also addresses the management objectives, functions, goals, and essentiality as well as the requirement skills of a Manger. Relating to my current company – AON Vietnam, member of AON Corporation, the article point out which theory of management fi t best with the style of management in AON Corporation, one of biggest insurance brokers worldwide and what a Manager at AON should do. Topic 1 & 2) CONTENTS I. MAIN MANAGEMENT THEORIES 1. Definition of Management According to Drucker (1974) Management is â€Å"the activity of getting things done with the help of others peoples and resources†. It means that management is a process of accomplishing work with the help of other people. According to Weijrich and Koontz (1993) â€Å"Management is process of planning, leading, organizing and controlling people within a group in order to achieve goals. It is also the guidance and control of action required to execute a program.It indicates that there should be definite plan/program for affective management (Shied, 2010). On the basis of these definitions it can be concluded that management is a process that includes strategic planning, setting objectives, managing resources, developing the human and financial assets needed to achie ve objectives and measuring results. It also includes recording facts and information for later use upon requirement. 2. Management Theories Contemporary theories of management tend to account for and help interpret the rapidly changing nature of today’s organizational environments.Several important management theories which are broadly classified as follows: 1. The Scientific Management School. 2. The Classical Organizational Theory School. 3. The Behavioural School. 4. The Management Science School. 5. Recent developments in Management Theory comprising works such as Systems Approach, Situational or Contingency theory, Chaos theory, and Team Building approach. This discussion will provide a general description of these management theories, how they have developed and the successes that they achieved. A Timeline Overview of Key Management theories pic] a. The Scientific Management School The first management theory is what is popularly referred to as Frederick Taylor’ s Scientific Management. Frederick Taylor (1856 – 1915) started the era of modern management. Taylor consistently sought to overthrow management â€Å"by rule of thumb† and replace it with actual timed observations leading to â€Å"the one best† practice. â€Å"Taylorism† involved breaking down the components of manual tasks in manufacturing environments, timing each movement (‘time and motion' studies) so that there could be a proven best way to perform each task.Thus employees could be trained to be ‘first class' within their job. This type of management was particularly relevant to performance drives e. g ‘Action On' projects. It has to be acknowledged that from an economic standpoint, Taylorism was an extreme success. Application of his methods yielded significant improvements in productivity. For example, improvements such as his shovel work at Bethlehem Works, which reduced the workers needed to shovel from 500 to 140. Henceforth, Taylor proposed four underlying principles of management: First, there is need to develop a ‘science of work’ to replace old rule-of-thumb methods: pay and other rewards linked to achievement of ‘optimum goals’ – measures of work performance and output; failure to achieve these would in contrast result in loss of earnings. – Second, workers to be ‘scientifically’ selected and developed: training each to be ‘first-class’ at some specific task. – Third the ‘science of work’ to be brought together with scientifically selected and trained people to achieve the best results. Finally, work and responsibility to be divided equally between workers and management cooperating together in close interdependence. This was a rigid system where every task became discrete and specialized. However, many critics, both historical and contemporary, have pointed out that Taylor’s theories tend to â€Å"dehumani ze† the workers. Therefore, in summary, while the scientific management technique has been employed to increase productivity and efficiency both in private and public services, it has also had the disadvantages of ignoring many of the human aspects of employment.This led to the creation of boring repetitive jobs with the introduction of systems for tight control and the alienation of shop floor employees from their managers. b. Classical Organizational Theory School In this category of management theory are the works of Henri Fayol’s administrative theory and Max Weber’s bureaucratic theory. Administrative Theory Henri Fayol’s administrative theory mainly focuses on the personal duties of management at a much more granular level. Fayol believed that management had five principle roles: †¢ Forecasting and planning. †¢ Organizing. †¢ Commanding Co-ordinating †¢ Controlling. Forecasting and planning was the act of anticipating the future a nd acting accordingly. Organization was the development of the institution’s resources, both material and human. Commanding was keeping the institution’s actions and processes running. Co-ordination was the alignment and harmonization of the group’s efforts. Finally, control meant that the above activities were performed in accordance with appropriate rules and procedures. Fayol also developed fourteen principles of administration to go along with management’s five primary roles.These principles are: specialization/division of labor, authority with responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interest to the general interest, remuneration of staff, centralization, scalar chain/line of authority, order, equity, stability of tenure, initiative, and esprit de corps. Fayol clearly believed personal effort and team dynamics were part of an â€Å"ideal† organization. Fayol’s five principle roles of management are still actively practiced today. The concept of giving appropriate authority with responsibility is also widely commented on and is well practiced.Unfortunately, his principles of â€Å"unity of command† and â€Å"unity of direction† are consistently violated in â€Å"matrix management†, the structure of choice for many of today’s companies. Bureaucratic Theory Max Weber (1864 – 1924) postulated that western civilization was shifting from â€Å"wertrational† (or value oriented) thinking, affective action (action derived from emotions), and traditional action (action derived from past precedent) to â€Å"zweckational† (or technocratic) thinking. He believed that civilization was changing to seek technically optimal results at the expense of emotional or humanistic content.Through analyses of organizations, Weber identified three basic types of legitimate authority: – Traditional authority: where acceptance of those in authority arose from tradition and custom. – Charismatic authority: where acceptance arises from loyalty to, and confidence in, the personal qualities of the ruler. – Rational-legal authority: where acceptance arises out of the office, or position, of the person in authority as bounded by the rules and procedures of the organization. It is the rational-legal authority form that exists in most organizations today and this is the form to which Weber ascribed the term ‘bureaucracy'.The main features of bureaucracy according to Weber were: †¢ A continuous organization or functions bounded by rules. †¢ That individual functioned within the limits of the specialization of the work, the degree of authority allocated and the rules governing the exercise of authority. †¢ A  hierarchical  structure of offices. †¢ Appointment to offices made on the grounds of technical competence only. †¢ The separation of officials from the ownership of the organization. †¢ The authority was vested in the official positions and not in the personalities that held these posts.Rules, decisions and actions were formulated and recorded in writing. It is not coincidence that Weber's writings were at a time of the major industrial revolutions and the growth of large complex organizations out of the cottage industries and/or entrepreneurial businesses. c. Behavioural School The key scholar under this category is Elton Mayo. The origin of behavioralism is the human relations movement that was a result of the Hawthorne Works Experiment that started in the early 1920s. Elton Mayo and his associates’ experiments disproved Taylor’s beliefs that science dictated hat the highest productivity was found in ‘the one best way’ and that way could be obtained by controlled experiment. The Hawthorne studies attempted to determine the effects of lighting on worker productivity. When these experiments showed no clear correlati on between light level and productivity the experiments then started looking at other factors. These factors that were considered when Mayo was working with a group of women included no rest breaks, no free more hours in the work-day/work-week or fewer hours in the workday/work-week.With each of these changes, productivity went up. When the women were put back to their original hours and conditions, they set a productivity record. These results showed that the group dynamics and social makeup of an organization were an important force either for or against higher productivity. This outcome caused the call for greater participation for the workers, greater trust and openness in the working environment, and a greater attention to teams and groups in the work place.Finally, while Taylor’s impacts were the establishment of the industrial engineering, quality control and personnel departments, the human relations movement’s greatest impact came in what the organization†™s leadership and personnel department were doing. The seemingly new concepts of â€Å"group dynamics†, â€Å"teamwork†, and organizational â€Å"social systems†, all stem from Mayo’s work in the mid-1920s. d. Management Science Theories Douglas McGregor (1906-1964) postulated management ideas as contained in â€Å"Theory X† and â€Å"Theory Y†.Using human behaviour research, he noted that the way an organization runs depends on the beliefs of its managers. â€Å"Theory X† gives a negative view of human behaviour and management that he considered to have dominated management theory from Fayol onwards – especially Taylorism. It also assumes that most people are basically immature, need direction and control, and are incapable of taking responsibility. They are viewed as lazy, dislike work and need a mixture of financial inducements and threat of loss of their job to make them work (‘carrot and stick’ mentality). T heory Y†, the opposite of â€Å"Theory X†, argues that people want to fulfil themselves by seeking self-respect, self-development, and self-fulfilment at work as in life in general. The six basic assumptions for ‘Theory Y’ are: work is as natural as play or rest – the average human being does not inherently dislike work, whether work is a source of pleasure or a punishment (to be avoided) depends on nature of the work and its management. Second, effort at work need not depend on threat of punishment – if committed to objectives then self-direction and self-control rather than external controls.Third, commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement. Satisfaction of ego and self-actualization needs can be directed towards the objectives of the organization. Fourth, the average human being learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept but to seek responsibility. Fifth, high degrees of imagination, ing enuity and creativity are not restricted to a narrow group but are widely distributed in the population. Lastly, under the conditions of modern industrial life, the intellectual potentials of the average human being are being only partly utilized. . Recent Developments in Management Theory Under this category of theory are the Systems Approach, Situational or Contingency theory, Chaos theory, and Team Building theory. The systems theory has had a significant effect on management science and understanding organizations. A system is a collection of part unified to accomplish an overall goal. If one part of the system is removed, the nature of the system is changed as well. A system can be looked at as having inputs (e. g. , resources such as raw materials, money, technologies, and people), processes (e. g. planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling), outputs (products or services) and outcomes (e. g. , enhanced quality of life or productivity for customers/clients, productivity ). Systems share feedback among each of these four aspects of the system. The Chaos theory is advocated by Tom Peters (1942). Chaos theorists suggest that systems naturally go to more complexity, and as they do so, they become more volatile and must, therefore, expend more energy to maintain that complexity. As they expend more energy, they seek more structure to maintain stability.This trend continues until the system splits, combines with another complex system or falls apart entirely. It will need an effective manager for the latter worst scenario not to happen. Team Building approach or theory emphasizes quality circles, best practices, and continuous improvement. It is a theory that mainly hinges on reliance on teamwork. It also emphasizes flattening of management pyramid, and reducing the levels of hierarchy. Finally, it is all about consensus management – i. e. , involving more people at all levels in decision-making. 3. Management theory applied to AON II. WHAT A MANA GER DOESManaging, like all other practices – whether medicine, music composition, engineering, accountancy, or even baseball – is an art; it is know-how. It is doing things in the light of the realities of a situation. Managers just don't go out and perform their responsibilities. A good manager should discover how to master 05 basic functions: planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. †¢ Planning:  This step involves mapping out exactly how to achieve a particular goal. For example, that the organization's goal is to improve company sales. The manager first needs to decide which steps are necessary to accomplish that goal.These steps may include increasing advertising, inventory, and sales staff. These necessary steps are developed into a plan. When the plan is in place, the manager can follow it to accomplish the goal of improving company sales. †¢ Organizing:  After a plan is in place, a manager needs to organize his team and materials a ccording to his plan. Assigning work and granting authority are two important elements of organizing. †¢ Staffing:  After a manager discerns his area's needs, he may decide to beef up his staffing by recruiting, selecting, training, and developing employees.A manager in a large organization often works with the company's human resources department to accomplish this goal. †¢ Leading:  A manager needs to do more than just plan, organize, and staff her team to achieve a goal. She must also lead. Leading involves motivating, communicating, guiding, and encouraging. It requires the manager to coach, assist, and problem solve with employees. †¢ Controlling:  After the other elements are in place, a manager's job is not finished. He needs to continuously check results against goals and take any corrective actions necessary to make sure that his area's plans remain on track.All managers at all levels of every organization perform these functions, but the amount of time a manager spends on each one depends on both the level of management and the specific organization. Roles performed by managers In his classic book,  The Nature of Managerial Work,  Henry Mintzberg describes a set of ten roles that a manager fills. These roles fall into three categories: †¢ Interpersonal:  This role involves human interaction. †¢ Informational:  This role involves the sharing and analyzing of information. †¢ Decisional:  This role involves decision making.The below table  contains a more in-depth look at each category of roles that help managers carry out all five functions described in the preceding â€Å"Functions of Managers† section. Mintzberg's Set of Ten Roles | | |Category | |Role | |Activity | | |Informational | |Monitor | |Seek and receive information; scan periodicals and reports; maintain personal contact with stakeholders. | | | | | |Disseminator | |Forward information to organization members via memos, reports, an d phone calls. | | | | |Spokesperson | |Transmit information to outsiders via reports, memos, and speeches. | | | |Interpersonal | |Figurehead | |Perform ceremonial and symbolic duties, such as greeting visitors and signing legal documents. | | | | |Leader | |Direct and motivate subordinates; counsel and communicate with subordinates. | | | | |Liaison | |Maintain information links both inside and outside organization via mail, phone calls, and meetings. | | |Decisional | |Entrepreneur | |Initiate improvement projects; identify new ideas and delegate idea responsibility to thers. | | | | | |Disturbance handler | |Take corrective action during disputes or crises; resolve conflicts among subordinates; adapt to environments. | | | | |Resource allocator | |Decide who gets resources; prepare budgets; set schedules and determine priorities. | | | | |Negotiator | |Represent department during negotiations of union contracts, sales, purchases, and budgets. | | | Skills needed by managers Not everyone can be a manager. Certain  skills,  or abilities to translate knowledge into action that results in desired performance, are required to help other employees become more productive. These skills fall under the following categories: Technical:  This skill requires the ability to use a special proficiency or expertise to perform particular tasks. Accountants, engineers, market researchers, and computer scientists, as examples, possess technical skills. Managers acquire these skills initially through formal education and then further develop them through training and job experience. Technical skills are most important at lower levels of management. †¢ Human:  This skill demonstrates the ability to work well in cooperation with others. Human skills emerge in the workplace as a spirit of trust, enthusiasm, and genuine involvement in interpersonal relationships. A anager with good human skills has a high degree of self-awareness and a capacity to understand or empathize with the feelings of others. Some managers are naturally born with great human skills, while others improve their skills through classes or experience. No matter how human skills are acquired, they're critical for all managers because of the highly interpersonal nature of managerial work. †¢ Conceptual:  This skill calls for the ability to think analytically. Analytical skills enable managers to break down problems into smaller parts, to see the relations among the parts, and to recognize the implications of any one problem for others.As managers assume ever-higher responsibilities in organizations, they must deal with more ambiguous problems that have long-term consequences. Again, managers may acquire these skills initially through formal education and then further develop them by training and job experience. The higher the management level, the more important conceptual skills become. †¢ Designing skill is the ability to solve problems in wa ys that will benefit the enterprise. To be effective, particularly at upper organizational levels, managers must be able to do more than see a problem.In addition, they must have the skill of a good design engineer in working out a practical solution to a problem. Managers must also have that valuable skill of being able to design a workable solution to the problem in the light of the realities they face. It has, however, got to be mentioned that the relative importance of these skills may differ at various levels in the organization hierarchy. Although all four categories contain skills essential for managers, their relative importance tends to vary by level of managerial responsibility. Management Theories ABSTRACT Management is the most important part of any organization. No organization can achieve its objectives without proper management. So management is considered the hub of any organization. As society continuously relied on group effort, and as many organized groups have become large, the task of managers has been increasing in importance and complexity. To meet the challenges like competition, efficient and economical uses of sources and maximum output, knowledge of management and theories of management is basic requirement.Henceforth, managerial theory has become crucial in the way managers manage complex organizations. This article will provide the basic information of main management theories and how they have developed. It also addresses the management objectives, functions, goals, and essentiality as well as the requirement skills of a Manger. Relating to my current company – AON Vietnam, member of AON Corporation, the article point out which theory of management fi t best with the style of management in AON Corporation, one of biggest insurance brokers worldwide and what a Manager at AON should do. Topic 1 & 2) CONTENTS I. MAIN MANAGEMENT THEORIES 1. Definition of Management According to Drucker (1974) Management is â€Å"the activity of getting things done with the help of others peoples and resources†. It means that management is a process of accomplishing work with the help of other people. According to Weijrich and Koontz (1993) â€Å"Management is process of planning, leading, organizing and controlling people within a group in order to achieve goals. It is also the guidance and control of action required to execute a program.It indicates that there should be definite plan/program for affective management (Shied, 2010). On the basis of these definitions it can be concluded that management is a process that includes strategic planning, setting objectives, managing resources, developing the human and financial assets needed to achie ve objectives and measuring results. It also includes recording facts and information for later use upon requirement. 2. Management Theories Contemporary theories of management tend to account for and help interpret the rapidly changing nature of today’s organizational environments.Several important management theories which are broadly classified as follows: 1. The Scientific Management School. 2. The Classical Organizational Theory School. 3. The Behavioural School. 4. The Management Science School. 5. Recent developments in Management Theory comprising works such as Systems Approach, Situational or Contingency theory, Chaos theory, and Team Building approach. This discussion will provide a general description of these management theories, how they have developed and the successes that they achieved. A Timeline Overview of Key Management theories pic] a. The Scientific Management School The first management theory is what is popularly referred to as Frederick Taylor’ s Scientific Management. Frederick Taylor (1856 – 1915) started the era of modern management. Taylor consistently sought to overthrow management â€Å"by rule of thumb† and replace it with actual timed observations leading to â€Å"the one best† practice. â€Å"Taylorism† involved breaking down the components of manual tasks in manufacturing environments, timing each movement (‘time and motion' studies) so that there could be a proven best way to perform each task.Thus employees could be trained to be ‘first class' within their job. This type of management was particularly relevant to performance drives e. g ‘Action On' projects. It has to be acknowledged that from an economic standpoint, Taylorism was an extreme success. Application of his methods yielded significant improvements in productivity. For example, improvements such as his shovel work at Bethlehem Works, which reduced the workers needed to shovel from 500 to 140. Henceforth, Taylor proposed four underlying principles of management: First, there is need to develop a ‘science of work’ to replace old rule-of-thumb methods: pay and other rewards linked to achievement of ‘optimum goals’ – measures of work performance and output; failure to achieve these would in contrast result in loss of earnings. – Second, workers to be ‘scientifically’ selected and developed: training each to be ‘first-class’ at some specific task. – Third the ‘science of work’ to be brought together with scientifically selected and trained people to achieve the best results. Finally, work and responsibility to be divided equally between workers and management cooperating together in close interdependence. This was a rigid system where every task became discrete and specialized. However, many critics, both historical and contemporary, have pointed out that Taylor’s theories tend to â€Å"dehumani ze† the workers. Therefore, in summary, while the scientific management technique has been employed to increase productivity and efficiency both in private and public services, it has also had the disadvantages of ignoring many of the human aspects of employment.This led to the creation of boring repetitive jobs with the introduction of systems for tight control and the alienation of shop floor employees from their managers. b. Classical Organizational Theory School In this category of management theory are the works of Henri Fayol’s administrative theory and Max Weber’s bureaucratic theory. Administrative Theory Henri Fayol’s administrative theory mainly focuses on the personal duties of management at a much more granular level. Fayol believed that management had five principle roles: †¢ Forecasting and planning. †¢ Organizing. †¢ Commanding Co-ordinating †¢ Controlling. Forecasting and planning was the act of anticipating the future a nd acting accordingly. Organization was the development of the institution’s resources, both material and human. Commanding was keeping the institution’s actions and processes running. Co-ordination was the alignment and harmonization of the group’s efforts. Finally, control meant that the above activities were performed in accordance with appropriate rules and procedures. Fayol also developed fourteen principles of administration to go along with management’s five primary roles.These principles are: specialization/division of labor, authority with responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interest to the general interest, remuneration of staff, centralization, scalar chain/line of authority, order, equity, stability of tenure, initiative, and esprit de corps. Fayol clearly believed personal effort and team dynamics were part of an â€Å"ideal† organization. Fayol’s five principle roles of management are still actively practiced today. The concept of giving appropriate authority with responsibility is also widely commented on and is well practiced.Unfortunately, his principles of â€Å"unity of command† and â€Å"unity of direction† are consistently violated in â€Å"matrix management†, the structure of choice for many of today’s companies. Bureaucratic Theory Max Weber (1864 – 1924) postulated that western civilization was shifting from â€Å"wertrational† (or value oriented) thinking, affective action (action derived from emotions), and traditional action (action derived from past precedent) to â€Å"zweckational† (or technocratic) thinking. He believed that civilization was changing to seek technically optimal results at the expense of emotional or humanistic content.Through analyses of organizations, Weber identified three basic types of legitimate authority: – Traditional authority: where acceptance of those in authority arose from tradition and custom. – Charismatic authority: where acceptance arises from loyalty to, and confidence in, the personal qualities of the ruler. – Rational-legal authority: where acceptance arises out of the office, or position, of the person in authority as bounded by the rules and procedures of the organization. It is the rational-legal authority form that exists in most organizations today and this is the form to which Weber ascribed the term ‘bureaucracy'.The main features of bureaucracy according to Weber were: †¢ A continuous organization or functions bounded by rules. †¢ That individual functioned within the limits of the specialization of the work, the degree of authority allocated and the rules governing the exercise of authority. †¢ A  hierarchical  structure of offices. †¢ Appointment to offices made on the grounds of technical competence only. †¢ The separation of officials from the ownership of the organization. †¢ The authority was vested in the official positions and not in the personalities that held these posts.Rules, decisions and actions were formulated and recorded in writing. It is not coincidence that Weber's writings were at a time of the major industrial revolutions and the growth of large complex organizations out of the cottage industries and/or entrepreneurial businesses. c. Behavioural School The key scholar under this category is Elton Mayo. The origin of behavioralism is the human relations movement that was a result of the Hawthorne Works Experiment that started in the early 1920s. Elton Mayo and his associates’ experiments disproved Taylor’s beliefs that science dictated hat the highest productivity was found in ‘the one best way’ and that way could be obtained by controlled experiment. The Hawthorne studies attempted to determine the effects of lighting on worker productivity. When these experiments showed no clear correlati on between light level and productivity the experiments then started looking at other factors. These factors that were considered when Mayo was working with a group of women included no rest breaks, no free more hours in the work-day/work-week or fewer hours in the workday/work-week.With each of these changes, productivity went up. When the women were put back to their original hours and conditions, they set a productivity record. These results showed that the group dynamics and social makeup of an organization were an important force either for or against higher productivity. This outcome caused the call for greater participation for the workers, greater trust and openness in the working environment, and a greater attention to teams and groups in the work place.Finally, while Taylor’s impacts were the establishment of the industrial engineering, quality control and personnel departments, the human relations movement’s greatest impact came in what the organization†™s leadership and personnel department were doing. The seemingly new concepts of â€Å"group dynamics†, â€Å"teamwork†, and organizational â€Å"social systems†, all stem from Mayo’s work in the mid-1920s. d. Management Science Theories Douglas McGregor (1906-1964) postulated management ideas as contained in â€Å"Theory X† and â€Å"Theory Y†.Using human behaviour research, he noted that the way an organization runs depends on the beliefs of its managers. â€Å"Theory X† gives a negative view of human behaviour and management that he considered to have dominated management theory from Fayol onwards – especially Taylorism. It also assumes that most people are basically immature, need direction and control, and are incapable of taking responsibility. They are viewed as lazy, dislike work and need a mixture of financial inducements and threat of loss of their job to make them work (‘carrot and stick’ mentality). T heory Y†, the opposite of â€Å"Theory X†, argues that people want to fulfil themselves by seeking self-respect, self-development, and self-fulfilment at work as in life in general. The six basic assumptions for ‘Theory Y’ are: work is as natural as play or rest – the average human being does not inherently dislike work, whether work is a source of pleasure or a punishment (to be avoided) depends on nature of the work and its management. Second, effort at work need not depend on threat of punishment – if committed to objectives then self-direction and self-control rather than external controls.Third, commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement. Satisfaction of ego and self-actualization needs can be directed towards the objectives of the organization. Fourth, the average human being learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept but to seek responsibility. Fifth, high degrees of imagination, ing enuity and creativity are not restricted to a narrow group but are widely distributed in the population. Lastly, under the conditions of modern industrial life, the intellectual potentials of the average human being are being only partly utilized. . Recent Developments in Management Theory Under this category of theory are the Systems Approach, Situational or Contingency theory, Chaos theory, and Team Building theory. The systems theory has had a significant effect on management science and understanding organizations. A system is a collection of part unified to accomplish an overall goal. If one part of the system is removed, the nature of the system is changed as well. A system can be looked at as having inputs (e. g. , resources such as raw materials, money, technologies, and people), processes (e. g. planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling), outputs (products or services) and outcomes (e. g. , enhanced quality of life or productivity for customers/clients, productivity ). Systems share feedback among each of these four aspects of the system. The Chaos theory is advocated by Tom Peters (1942). Chaos theorists suggest that systems naturally go to more complexity, and as they do so, they become more volatile and must, therefore, expend more energy to maintain that complexity. As they expend more energy, they seek more structure to maintain stability.This trend continues until the system splits, combines with another complex system or falls apart entirely. It will need an effective manager for the latter worst scenario not to happen. Team Building approach or theory emphasizes quality circles, best practices, and continuous improvement. It is a theory that mainly hinges on reliance on teamwork. It also emphasizes flattening of management pyramid, and reducing the levels of hierarchy. Finally, it is all about consensus management – i. e. , involving more people at all levels in decision-making. 3. Management theory applied to AON II. WHAT A MANA GER DOESManaging, like all other practices – whether medicine, music composition, engineering, accountancy, or even baseball – is an art; it is know-how. It is doing things in the light of the realities of a situation. Managers just don't go out and perform their responsibilities. A good manager should discover how to master 05 basic functions: planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. †¢ Planning:  This step involves mapping out exactly how to achieve a particular goal. For example, that the organization's goal is to improve company sales. The manager first needs to decide which steps are necessary to accomplish that goal.These steps may include increasing advertising, inventory, and sales staff. These necessary steps are developed into a plan. When the plan is in place, the manager can follow it to accomplish the goal of improving company sales. †¢ Organizing:  After a plan is in place, a manager needs to organize his team and materials a ccording to his plan. Assigning work and granting authority are two important elements of organizing. †¢ Staffing:  After a manager discerns his area's needs, he may decide to beef up his staffing by recruiting, selecting, training, and developing employees.A manager in a large organization often works with the company's human resources department to accomplish this goal. †¢ Leading:  A manager needs to do more than just plan, organize, and staff her team to achieve a goal. She must also lead. Leading involves motivating, communicating, guiding, and encouraging. It requires the manager to coach, assist, and problem solve with employees. †¢ Controlling:  After the other elements are in place, a manager's job is not finished. He needs to continuously check results against goals and take any corrective actions necessary to make sure that his area's plans remain on track.All managers at all levels of every organization perform these functions, but the amount of time a manager spends on each one depends on both the level of management and the specific organization. Roles performed by managers In his classic book,  The Nature of Managerial Work,  Henry Mintzberg describes a set of ten roles that a manager fills. These roles fall into three categories: †¢ Interpersonal:  This role involves human interaction. †¢ Informational:  This role involves the sharing and analyzing of information. †¢ Decisional:  This role involves decision making.The below table  contains a more in-depth look at each category of roles that help managers carry out all five functions described in the preceding â€Å"Functions of Managers† section. Mintzberg's Set of Ten Roles | | |Category | |Role | |Activity | | |Informational | |Monitor | |Seek and receive information; scan periodicals and reports; maintain personal contact with stakeholders. | | | | | |Disseminator | |Forward information to organization members via memos, reports, an d phone calls. | | | | |Spokesperson | |Transmit information to outsiders via reports, memos, and speeches. | | | |Interpersonal | |Figurehead | |Perform ceremonial and symbolic duties, such as greeting visitors and signing legal documents. | | | | |Leader | |Direct and motivate subordinates; counsel and communicate with subordinates. | | | | |Liaison | |Maintain information links both inside and outside organization via mail, phone calls, and meetings. | | |Decisional | |Entrepreneur | |Initiate improvement projects; identify new ideas and delegate idea responsibility to thers. | | | | | |Disturbance handler | |Take corrective action during disputes or crises; resolve conflicts among subordinates; adapt to environments. | | | | |Resource allocator | |Decide who gets resources; prepare budgets; set schedules and determine priorities. | | | | |Negotiator | |Represent department during negotiations of union contracts, sales, purchases, and budgets. | | | Skills needed by managers Not everyone can be a manager. Certain  skills,  or abilities to translate knowledge into action that results in desired performance, are required to help other employees become more productive. These skills fall under the following categories: Technical:  This skill requires the ability to use a special proficiency or expertise to perform particular tasks. Accountants, engineers, market researchers, and computer scientists, as examples, possess technical skills. Managers acquire these skills initially through formal education and then further develop them through training and job experience. Technical skills are most important at lower levels of management. †¢ Human:  This skill demonstrates the ability to work well in cooperation with others. Human skills emerge in the workplace as a spirit of trust, enthusiasm, and genuine involvement in interpersonal relationships. A anager with good human skills has a high degree of self-awareness and a capacity to understand or empathize with the feelings of others. Some managers are naturally born with great human skills, while others improve their skills through classes or experience. No matter how human skills are acquired, they're critical for all managers because of the highly interpersonal nature of managerial work. †¢ Conceptual:  This skill calls for the ability to think analytically. Analytical skills enable managers to break down problems into smaller parts, to see the relations among the parts, and to recognize the implications of any one problem for others.As managers assume ever-higher responsibilities in organizations, they must deal with more ambiguous problems that have long-term consequences. Again, managers may acquire these skills initially through formal education and then further develop them by training and job experience. The higher the management level, the more important conceptual skills become. †¢ Designing skill is the ability to solve problems in wa ys that will benefit the enterprise. To be effective, particularly at upper organizational levels, managers must be able to do more than see a problem.In addition, they must have the skill of a good design engineer in working out a practical solution to a problem. Managers must also have that valuable skill of being able to design a workable solution to the problem in the light of the realities they face. It has, however, got to be mentioned that the relative importance of these skills may differ at various levels in the organization hierarchy. Although all four categories contain skills essential for managers, their relative importance tends to vary by level of managerial responsibility.

A Nurse s Role Model For Healthy Behaviors - 929 Words

I choose to become a nurse because of the caring and compassionate attitude nurses hold not only through practice but every day. A nurse should be a role model for healthy behaviors both in the workplace and outside of it. Any nurse, I have ever encountered was kindhearted, compassionate, and empathetic. They talk about their job as if it is a reward to be a nurse. When you step back and look at it, nursing is a reward; it is the ability to quickly make lifesaving judgments. As a student nurse I begin to create my own role in the health care field. I find my personal compassion in nursing care and I start developing my own philosophies of nursing. My philosophy of nursing is always treat others with the utmost respect; while keeping open mind, it can go along way. Nursing care follows Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and in order to care for a person must understand the basics. First you start with â€Å"the person.† This is providing your patients with the essential needs, making sure your patient has all metabolic components to stay alive. As a student nurse we take vital signs frequently to assess the patients status compared to what is considered normal. In this we are assessing the patients metabolic needs and what is going on in different systems of the body. Next you need to provide your patient with safety and security. In doing so, many hospitals have protocols to prevent falls, and provide environments that mimic home life settings. Environment influences a persons overallShow MoreRelatedPrevention And Treatment Of Diabetes1590 Words   |  7 Pagesprevention plan. A school nurse would be the ideal person to execute a prevention plan that can include: educating the children about optimum levels of physical activity and heal thy nutrition. The purpose of this paper is to explore the prevention strategies that nurses can provide against type 2 diabetes among children utilizing the Pender Health Promotion Model. Initially, for a nurse to develop a prevention plan he/she must look at the components of the Pender Health Promotion Model (HPM). The first componentRead MoreThe Demonstration Of Leadership Style1569 Words   |  7 Pagesleadership thus includes the charge nurse, resource nurse, and the manager. They create shared vision, build trusting relationship through communication and initiating transformation and democracy through role directing and being role defined (Ezziane, 2012). The informal leader includes all other nurses or health care workers that are not officially appointed to direct activities of others but plays an important role in influencing colleagues to achieve the group s goals (Kozier et al, 2010). TheseRead MoreThe Health Belief Model Of College Students807 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 1950’s the health belief model (HBM) was introduced to explain why people who are healthy, continue to participate in activities that keep them free of illness; while others negl ect to be involved with healthy activities (Pender, Murdaugh, Parsons, 2015). PubMed was used to find this article with the limitations of an article written in the last five years, humans, and English; the Mesh words used was health belief model. The article Applying the health belief model to college students’Read MoreHealth Promotion Model Of Nursing1353 Words   |  6 Pages Health Promotion Model Amy D. Kramer Point Loma Nazarene University â€Æ' Introduction Nursing theory is important to the profession of nursing as it provides guidance to practice and helps to broaden nursing knowledge. Although nursing theory can be traced back to Florence Nightingale’s pioneer work during and after the Crimean War, it was not until the twentieth century that theory development in the nursing profession became a major part of discussion and implementation (AlligoodRead MoreNursing and Maslows Hiearchy896 Words   |  4 Pageshistory, main components, and the roles of nurse managers and leaders related to Maslow’s hierarchy will be addressed in this paper. This is an important topic for nursing leadership and management because it relates to unmet needs of clients in the health care field. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a significant factor in planning care among many individuals. Psychologist Abraham H. Maslow is the developer of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The theory covers human behavior in terms of basic requirementsRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Huge Problem1064 Words   |  5 Pagesyou eat and lack of exercise performed daily are the most familiar causes of obesity but other factors play a very big role in the cause of this disease. Education plays a huge role in preventing this disease and there are many settings that you can be educated in such as the school system, hospitals or doctors’ offices, home and even work. Occupational therapists can also play a role in educate on how certain occupations can prevent obesity. Childhood obesity is affected by many different factors.Read MoreA Community Nursing Diagnostic Process: Case Study1218 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of the community health nurse is to take into account contextual variables, especially as they relate to community of origin and community of residence, when treating patients. Ethnic, cultural, religious, and gender variables will all come into play during a community nursing diagnostic process. In this case, the family is also considered within a community nursing framework. M.K. is originally from Russia, although she speaks English. She is a smoker and a newly diagnosed diabetic whoRead MorePender s Health Promotion Model1128 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Promotion Model Theoretical Framework Analysis Alison Kascher Simmons College â€Æ' Health promotion is defined as the process of empowering individuals to make healthy lifestyle choices and motivating them to become better self-managers (Ricketts, 2014). Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM) focuses on increasing a person’s level of well-being and identifies the multifaceted nature of individuals as they interact with their environment to pursue health (Health Promotion Model, 2013). PenderRead MoreThe Gap Between Academia And Clinical Practice857 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Billing and Halstead (2012), the goals from Healthy People 2020 includes a focus on reducing disparities, preventable diseases, disability, injury, and premature death in improving health care for all. Further, the role of the nurse educator must bridge the gap between academia and clinical practice. Nursing education faces great transformation as faculty strive to adapt curricula to prepare graduates at all levels of education for an increasingly complex workforce th at has greater practiceRead MoreThe Nurse Patient Relationship Between Nurses And The Healthy And Sick Persons1590 Words   |  7 Pages The nurse-patient relationship has not been sufficiently addressed, does not happen in the same manner with the physician-patient relationship which is treated with a certain frequency. In fact, some health professionals believe that the physician-patient relations and nurse - patient are the same, and they assert that there is no difference between them. However, despite sharing the same object of study and common spaces for the exercise of each profession and contents are not equal functions

The Life the Death the Mystery of Edgar Allan Poe - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1309 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Edgar Allan Poe Essay Did you like this example? Death can be a tragic situation for most people living on this earth. There will be times where people ignore the word death and try to avoid it. But what is our response to someone who is about to die or when we hear the word death? Many times people are very sad and feel some kind of depression from their love ones; especially when someone had died in a recent time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Life the Death the Mystery of Edgar Allan Poe" essay for you Create order Although there are those who think in a positive mindset, attitude, who have different view and reaction into it. The Mysterious Death O Poe, have been explained in various ways over the years. Many scholars writer have come up with varied of different clarification and there is no right or wrong interpretations on what any of the scholars have said about the Mysterious Death Of Edgar Allan Poe. Matter of fact everyone have different view in world, and everyone think differently from one another. In a world of writing, Edgar Allan Poe won a heart of many scholars writer, and also he left an enormous mark on the literature field by writing outstanding poem book and so on. Poes was one of the first American writers to have a lasting impact on the literature field. And is also known for his dark and mysterious poems. However, one of the great mysteries that still lies with in Edgar Allan Poes life is his death, as nobody knows how he died. Struggling through lifelong depression. While many historians agree that Poes death was intriguing, many agree that Poes life is as well (Thomas; Pullman 7; Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore). Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809, in Boston, Massachusetts. However, his parents died before he was 3, resulting in Poe being adopted by the Allans who lived in Richmond, Virginia. The Allans sent Poe to boarding schools and attempted to make his life as comfortable as possible. Poe excelled in his studies and before much later, was accepted into the University of Virginia (A Short Biography) However, Poe soon became an alcoholic, and started to gamble his money away, forcing him to ask his father for financial help at which his father refused because he would only pay tuition for a scholar, not a gambler. Poe eventually had to drop out of the university. Poe then decided to join the army and he was admitted into the United States Military Academy in 1827, where again, he could not pay for the tuition and dropped out ( Edgar Allan Poe). Poe goes to live with his cousin, Virginia, who he soon married in 1836, but he still lived a meager life and, to some historians, Virginia is the reason that he still clung to life (Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore; Thomas). When Virginia died of tuberculosis in 1847, Poe fell back into alcoholism and depression. Who later founded Poes on a street and was quickly taken to a hospital. He died in the hospital shortly thereafter (Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore). Many sources hypothesize that Poes,depression and alcoholism to his death. (Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore; Thomas). Philip Pullman discuss that: and like many other writers, he found himself returning to the same idea frequently, as if who drew his imagination to them like a moth to a flame. One of Poes obsessive themes was the death of a beautiful and beloved young woman. We find this in many of his stories, instead such as many poems here, not least The Raven itself. Look at Annabel Lee; look at my own favorite, the strange and unforgettable Ulalume. (7) Which leads many to believe that one of the main causes of Poes depression was the death of his wife, Virginia (Edgar Allan Poe; Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore). His father also ignored Poe after he dropped out of college. When Poe asked his father for financial support, no help came. When john died, Poe does not mention in his will. To help allay his debts, Poe became an editor for the Southern Literary Messenger. Poe quickly became a sensation and increased the circulation of the paper by six times, but he did not get a raise so he continued to struggle in poverty (A Short Biography). Even through his depression, Poe managed to write. Edgar Allan Poe is the Father of the Modern Detective Story. and Sir Arthur Conan, author of Sherlock Holmes claimed that Edgar Allan Poes detective stories were a model for all time. Edgar Allan Poe created the Rules of the Game which were after his detective stories. They stated that a detective story must be fair and it must be readable. Being fair in detective stories came down to all the facts to solve the mystery before revealing the solution. Being readable in detective stories simply meant that we must understand what the author is saying. Edgar Allan Poe came out with his first mystery story in 1841 called The Murders in Rue Morgue. This book followed all the Rules of the Game, and it was one of the first book to allow the reader solve the mystery of the book by observation and deduction. It was a locked room mystery story which meant who committed the crime under almost impossible at (Thomas). Funny how Edgar Allan Poe die d in a locked room himself (Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore). Edgar Allan Poe died in a hospital room in Baltimore, Maryland. However, as said before, Edgar Allan Poes cause of death is enigmatic. According to Joseph Walker, a passerby that happened to find Poe, Poe was found next to a tavern in great distress and in need of immediate attention. Poe was quickly sent to a hospital where his doctor writes that he had lesions on his brain, fever, and occasional spasms. Poes spasm bring up the theory of Rabies, but this is quickly brought down because Poe did not have hydrophobia (Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore; Edgar Allan Poe). Also, because Edgar Allan Poe was a heavy alcohol user, he may have died of alcohol poisoning. Poes location next to a tavern supports this theory. However, there was no sclerosis on the liver and did his breath smell like liquor according to his doctor. Alas, Edgar Allan Poe may have been beaten to death by gangs. Poe is next to a tavern that, when was a popular place to hold election polls. Fanatic gang roamed arou nd these election polls, searching for people to vote in the poll repeatedly, pushing them with physical force and liquor. If Poe encountered one of these gangs, he might not have been able to forced the pressure on him. However, Poe had a cane with him that was valuable for his income. Had he encountered one of these gangs, who would rob him, but he wasnt, so that also brings theory down. Who formed no other theories, but the mystery, is always lurking, waiting to be uncovered (Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore). Edgar Allan Poe may have struggled through depression and alcoholism, but he still gave birth to the modern detective story before he died (Thomas). Besides that, he created many poems and short stories that who is still reading him today (Edgar Allan Poe; Pullman 7). Poems such as The Raven still entertain readers as some struggle to find the meaning behind the poems while others enjoy them for their dark tones and setting (Pullman 6). Poe may have left behind the destructiveness story, allowing generations of people to copy off his template, but Edgar Allan Poe left one mystery story that who answered one mystery story?, one mystery story that has played in the minds of historians for hundreds of years, one mystery story so intricately threaded, Edgar Allan Poe could write it himself, the death of the father of the detective story (Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore; Thomas).

Social Work Career - 2319 Words

Occupation of a Social Worker Kimberly Whitfield HHS497: Health amp; Human Services Daniel Villa July 12, 2012 Table of Contents * Introduction to Social Workers * Careers * What a Social Worker Does * Education Requirements * Work Settings * Culturally competent work with diverse populations * Career development * Future alternatives * Conclusion * References Introduction to the life of a Social Worker; Social work is a profession devoted to helping†¦show more content†¦Information the social worker gathers can help inform the rest of the client’s healthcare team, as well as inform them about how best to treat their illness, manage the disease, and even how they can best interact with the client. They can even help the client weave their way through the healthcare system and find local resources to help the client manage day-to-day life. [ (Careers, 2006) ] Education Requirements According to College Board, social workers are required to have a minimum of a bachelor’s degree. Acceptable bachelor’s degree programs for entry level jobs include the bachelor’s degree in social work (BSW), as well as sociology, psychology and related fields. However, most jobs will require a master’s in social work (MSW). The Council on Social Work Education recognized 467 bachelor’s programs and 196 master’s programs in June 2009. Accredited bachelor’s degree programs require a minimum of 400 hours of supervised experience, whereas master’s degree programs require 900 hours of supervised experience. [ (CollegeBoard.org, 2012) ] As NHS Careers stated â€Å"There are various routes to becoming a social worker, but you will need to gain a professional qualification in social work (usually at degree level) either on a full-time or part-time basis. This is offered at undergraduate andShow MoreRelatedSocial Work As A Career1271 Words   |  6 Pages The events or experiences that led to me to choose social work as a career are events that took place in my life and my and childhood. I had a very hard childhood growing up. I grew up underprivileged and lived in poverty. I suffered a lot of trauma as a child; my mother and father were not able to care for me and my brother due to their use of drugs and criminal behavior. I and my brother lived with my grandmother who had a drinking problem, but managed to do the best she can to care for meRead MoreA Career in Social Work574 Words   |  2 PagesA Career in Social Work I chose to do research on a career as a social worker because, based on my Holland and MBTI code, this career best combines the conventional, social, and realistic aspects of my personality. I also feel that this career choice corresponds with my personal values, as it will allow me to channel my communication and problem-solving skills towards helping disadvantaged individuals and families. Entering the social work field requires considerable preparation. In CaliforniaRead MoreSocial Work Career As A Social Worker925 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Work Career If you are an individual who seeks to promote human well-being and have an intense desire to help others, you might consider pursuing a career in social work. â€Å"Social work is a practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes social change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people† (International Federation of Social Workers, 2014, para. 2). Social workers identify those who need help, examine their situations and developRead MoreInfluences For Choosing Social Work As A Career986 Words   |  4 PagesChoosing Social Work as a Career Social work has been my major since childhood. Throughout my life I have persevered against poverty, discrimination, domestic violence, substance abuse and mental health barriers. Due to my experience with these issues, the art of learning grew into a passion and priority. By focusing on my education, I established my identity apart from the status quo of my background and became the first woman in my family to attend college. Despite enrolling without a career path toRead MoreSocial Work Career And Job Search1193 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Work Career and Job Search In today’s society, one of the most expansive fields is that of social work. In almost every aspect of life, from birth until death, social workers can utilize their knowledge, strengths and abilities to help a wide variety of people with a wide variety of problems. Social workers can be found almost anywhere, including schools and universities, hospitals and government agencies. Each position has a unique set of skills that are needed in order to serve that portionRead MoreSocial Work Is A Career Defined As â€Å"Work Carried Out By1497 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Work is a career defined as â€Å"work carried out by trained personal with the aim of alleviating the conditions of those in need of help or welfare†. Social work varies in several fields, social workers work as part of multi-disciplinary teams with child welfare organizations, adoption and foster care agencies, hospitals, schools, prisons, mental health institutions, and more. Social work may leave the i mpression that it’s an easy field because it is assumed that all social workers do is serveRead More Clinical Social Work as a Career Essay1944 Words   |  8 Pages Choosing a career is a very important aspect to people’s lives. One goes to college, usually around the age of eighteen, and by the time they leave they are expected to have decided on the career that they will have for the rest of their lives. Being a psychology and interpersonal communication major, I have always had an interest on relationships between individuals given certain stimuli presented to them. I want to have the ability to touch people’s lives by helping them understand themselvesRead MoreProfession Of Social Work As A Career Goal Essay2183 Words   |  9 PagesProfession of social work as a career goal Starting from being a certified nursing assistant, to becoming a unit secretary for a hospital that specialize in wound care, I have always known that I wanted to help individuals in need. However, I noticed that I was not happy with helping individuals in medical need. It wasn’t until I decided to continue my education that I introduced to the world of social work. Going up with a single mother that suffered from drug abuse, my family depended on social servicesRead MoreThe Social Work Profession And Career Interests1946 Words   |  8 Pagesperspective about the social work profession and career interests have been evolving and gaining more depth since I entered the MSW program. I would like to contribute to the betterment of the lives of the disadvantaged or marginalized individuals, and I am confident that graduating from the UTSA MSW program will enable me to apply my knowledge to culturally competent practice. It was my career in teaching that directed me through th e years of my professional experience toward social work. Currently, myRead MoreMy Social Work Career Study1855 Words   |  8 PagesFor my social work career study I interviewed Colleen Kolski-Daniels on October 3, 2015, who has held a Master’s of Social Work degree for twenty years. She graduated from Arizona State University in 1995. She is a licensed clinical social worker working for Hospice of the Valley, which is located in Phoenix Arizona. I conducted my interview with her via telephone, and followed up by email. Prior to working for hospice, she worked as a social worker in the hospital setting, an advocate for the Arizona

Case Study On Dairy Industry Of Australia - Myasignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Case Study On Dairy Industry Of Australia? Answer: Introduction: Business based on the dairy is one of the major and cost effective businesses in Australia. A certain percentage of economy of Australia is determined by the sale of dairy products (Regulations 2013). The dairy industry of Australia has marked its place in the competitive market in terms of global perspective. Dairy production in Australia has always been in the first position comparing to the other countries business in the same industry and certain portion of the world economy is depended on it. There are many other international competitor companies that has been a threat to the dairy companies of Australia after the beginning of the crisis. The dairy crisis of Australia has been making headlines for the news over the last one year in the international context. The crisis of the dairy industry began few years back with the initiation of the globalization. The production of the dairy products started to fall and in the last year. The production was the lowest comparing to the last twenty years of dairy production. As the result of the crisis the competition with the international companies has been remarkably increased and impacting the dairy companies of the country. The Background: The background of the crisis shows the injustice to the farmers by the dairy companies. It was in the end of April 2016, when one of the biggest milk processor of Australia, Murray Goulburn, reduces the price of the milk solids per kilogram, from $6 to $5 (Adams 2016). The reduction of the production cost of the milk set the stage of the crisis in the dairy industry in Australia. The whole incident suggests that he farmers had to face the loss as they were being paid less than their production cost (Becker 2017). In addition, the farmers also had to pay back the differences, approximately $200 million between around 2.500 farmers. There was no way the farmers could pay back the bills, But selling their cows to the slaughters. It was only the beginning of May 2016 that around 700 dairy cows were in the slaughterhouse, which means the production of the milk had been lessened (Abs.gov.au. 2017). Consequently, the production of the dairy products also had to face the crisis. Soon after t he announcement of the price cut off by the Murray Goulburn, the dairy firm of New Zealands biggest dairy company Fonterra also cut off their price even further, which resulted into the spread of the crisis throughout the nation (PIDDOCK 2017). The Crisis: The dairy crisis had affected the farmer of Australia mostly. Not only they were paid less according to their production cost, but also they had to sell their dairy cows, which were the main source of earning for them. The farmers were left with a huge number of debts by the announcement of the price cut off. For many farmers, it was the end of dairying. Apart from the farmers, the suppliers and the consumers of the dairy products are also facing the crisis (ABC News. 2017). It was not only the economical impact that affected the farmer and the farmers as well as the global trade, but also there is an emotional impact that affected the farmers deeply. The selling of the cows was not easy for the farmers, as they are into this profession for over the generation. The cut off by the two biggest dairy companies has not only made the country face the crisis over the dairy products, but also the same have impacted the national as well as the global economy. Both the domestic and the global economy have been affected by the dairy crisis. The two major dairy companies have shown their lack of understanding of the global economy based on the dairy industry by lower paying their farmers (Eastwood et al. 2016). The companies that the low price is the cause of the short-term oversupply from China and Russia blame it. The cost of the various dairy products has also been high due to the inadequate supply of the milk from the farmers. The price index fell 9.3 per cent, on the Global Dairy Trade, due to the crisis (Stojkov, Noy and Sa?lam 2016). Prices are found to be the lowest in the history of the trading. It was the result of the crisis that the production of the milk has been lessened, and consequently the dairy farmers warned the dairy companies that the Australia is in the verge of importing milk to fulfill the growing demand of the consumers. This further affected the economy of Australia. Moreover, the consumers would not agree to pay higher price for covering up the debts of the farmers. The break down was of the milk production was around 18 percent in terms of total volume, and as milk is the prime capital of the dairy products, the total dairy production had also been falling (Byrne 2016). The crisis in the dairy industry of Australia is setting the background for the external rivals entering the industry of the country. The customers of the dairy products are tending to depend on the external supplier to fulfill their demands (Ulubasoglu et al. 2016). The crisis had made the situation of the dairy industry in the verge of serious fall in terms of holding customers, supplying products according to the market demand and the maintaining the economical balance for the future profit. Consequently, the competition in the international market of dairy products has seemingly increased (Griffith and Watson 2016). It is the result of the crisis in the dairy industry of Australia that the traders of the dairy products were majorly affected and for not being able to fulfill the demand of their potential customers. In addition, the global dairy trading companies are taking the advantages of the condition in order to capture the Australian dairy market. Porters Five Forces effect on Australian dairy Industry: Porters five forces is one of the important and effective marketing tools to measure the competitive rivalry among the organizations belonging to the same industry (E. Dobbs 2014). Here, in this report the Porters Five Forces analysis have been used to identify the competitive business environment in the dairy industry of Australia due to the crisis. The analysis will provide a better and clear understanding of the dairy industry during the crisis period. This analytical framework is based on the five necessary components of the organization in the dairy industry to find out the external and internal capabilities and threats as the result of the crisis (Spicka 2013). The five components are as follows: Competitive rivalry within the industry: As the result of the crisis, the rivalry in the dairy industry has been remarkably increased. The companies selling the dairy products are competing with each other in order to hold their potential customers. All the leading companies in the dairy market including the Murray Goulburn and Fonterra are planning their strategies to accommodate with the current complex situations (TOM PULLAR-STRECKER 2017). In fact, the companies outside Australia are also taking advantages of the situation. Bargaining power of suppliers: The basic raw material of the dairy products is the milk and it is the farmers who are mostly affected by the crisis. Most of the farmers had sold their dairy cows to pay the debts from their production cost. Therefore, the supply of the milk has been lessened and accordingly the bargaining cost of the suppliers has been high. Hence, the bargaining power of the suppliers is high. Bargaining power of the customer: The bargaining power of the customer is accordingly low due to the inadequate supply of the dairy products. The demand of the customers is increasingly high comparing to the supply of the dairy products. As the result, the customers are ready to purchase the products irrespective of the cost of the same. Therefore, the bargaining power of the customer is low. Threats of new entries: The threats of the new entries are high since the dairy companies of Australia are presently incapable of fulfilling the growing demands of the customers (Ulubasoglu et al. 2016). The crisis has created the opportunities for the external companies to enter the dairy industry of Australia. Threats of substitutes: The threats of the substitutes is very low as the there is no actual substitutes for the dairy products. Numeric Table: The following numeric tables shows that difference in production cost and the selling cost of the daily products and the competitive position of the dairy companies belonging to Australia as well as international context. Company Revenue (billion) Production cost (billion) Murray Goulburn $5.39 $11.25 Tatura Milk Industries Ltd. $1.02 $0.55 Parmalat Australia Ltd. $0.93 $0.67 Figure 1: Table of production cost versus selling cost Figure 2: Competitive position of Australian and international companies Competitive Advantages and Disadvantages of Australian Dairy Products: As far the analytical study of the report shows that, the dairy industry of Australia has both the competitive advantages and disadvantages in terms of the production of the dairy products in Australia. The crisis in the dairy industry due to the lower production cost has limited the dairy companies to supply the products according to the demands of the consumers (Nguyen et al. 2016). The numeric table of the production versus selling cost shows that the production cost is higher than the selling cost, which is indeed the disadvantage for any business. In the market of fast and constant growing demand of the customers the companies need to higher the rate of their production, which is not possible for the due to the dairy crisis. However, this situation in other way can cause effective advantages for the Australian dairy companies. The companies can buy their raw materials from the international market, which will not only improve their product quality but also will be more consumabl e and demanding to the potential customers. In addition, the companies will be able to capture the new market of the new customers. However, there is a disadvantage too. The international companies from the same industry may disagree in providing raw materials to the Australian dairy companies. This is because it will be more profitable to the international companies to sale their finished dairy products to the potential and current customers of Australia. As the result of the lowers supply of the dairy products, the customers will grab the opportunities to taste the imported products irrespective of the price (Shadbolta and Apparao 2016). Moreover, the international companies will have a new global market. The above graph and the numeric table show the evidence of the sheer competitive disadvantages of the Australian dairy companies. However, the present situation provides the prime opportunities to the local existing companies to rebuild their marketing strategies in order to capture the market. Conclusions: The above report concludes that the crisis in the dairy industry has made the dairy companies to reach the verge of the extinction. The competition with the international firms producing the dairy products are rapidly and remarkably increasing and threatening to the potential Australian companies. The cutting off the purchasing cost of the raw materials from the farmers is the basis of the crisis resulting to the selling of the dairy cows by many farmers. The crisis had made a clear and broader context and background of the competition in the dairy industry with the global companies. From the analytical study of the Porters Five Forces as the measurement-marketing tool of the competitive framework of the industry, it is evident that the threats of the new entries in the dairy industry are high. However, there is no threat of the substitute products, but the competitive rivalry within the Australian companies as well as the international companies is prevalent. Numeric table and the g raph present the total cost (production and selling) and the competitive position of Australia in the global market of the dairy trade respectively are in the alarming position. The report presents the competitive advantages of the Australian dairy companies are low and threatening to the companies as well as to the entire nation: Reference: ABC News. 2017.Inside Australia's 'horrendous' dairy crisis. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-15/dairy-farmers-forced-to-sell-up-in-face-of-plunging-milk-prices/7730638 [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. Abs.gov.au., 2017.1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2004. [online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/B006A83A9127B0F5CA256DEA00053965?Open [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. Adams, M.A., 2016. Contemporary case studies in corporate governance failures.Governance Directions,68(6), p.335.. Becker, J. 2017.Farmers do it tough as global dairy prices fall further. [online] ABC Rural. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2015-08-05/milk-price-fall-global-dairy-trade/6673704 [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. Byrne, P.J., 2016. Crisis in dairy industry escalates to new level.News Weekly, (2979), p.5. Dobbs, M., 2014. Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), pp.32-45. Eastwood, C.R., Jago, J.G., Edwards, J.P. and Burke, J.K., 2016. Getting the most out of advanced farm management technologies: roles of technology suppliers and dairy industry organisations in supporting precision dairy farmers.Animal Production Science,56(10), pp.1752-1760. Griffith, G. and Watson, A., 2016. Agricultural markets and marketing policies.Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,60(4), pp.594-609. Nguyen, T.T., Bowman, P.J., Haile-Mariam, M., Pryce, J.E. and Hayes, B.J., 2016. Genomic selection for tolerance to heat stress in Australian dairy cattle.Journal of dairy science,99(4), pp.2849-2862. PIDDOCK, G. 2017.Dairy farmers welcome Fonterra's higher prices after tough times. [online] Stuff. Available at: https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/92939046/Dairy-farmers-welcome-Fonterras-higher-prices-after-tough-times [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. Regulations, P., 2013. Australian Dairy Industry Shadbolta, N.M. and Apparao, D., 2016. Factors Influencing the Dairy Trade from New Zealand.EVERY GENERATION NEEDS ITS LEADERS., p.241. Spicka, J., 2013. The competitive environment in the dairy industry and its impact on the food industry.Agris on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics,5(2), p.89. Stojkov, K., Noy, I. and Sa?lam, Y., 2016. The trade impacts of a food scare: The Fonterra contamination incident. TOM PULLAR-STRECKER, G. 2017.'Very tough times' ahead for dairy farmers as Fonterra cuts milk payout forecast to $3.90 a kilo. [online] Stuff. Available at: https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/agribusiness/77646215/Very-tough-times-ahead-for-dairy-farmers-as-Fonterra-cuts-milk-payout-forecast-to-3-90-a-kilo [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. Ulubasoglu, M., Mallick, D., Wadud, M., Hone, P. and Haszler, H., 2016. Food demand elasticities for Australia.Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,60(2), pp.177-195.

Separate Legal Entity of Corporation System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Separate Legal Entity of Corporation System. Answer: Introduction: According to the Corporation Act 2001 organization has right to conduct or operator business for gaining profit anywhere in Australia. The organization can incorporate their business as a public or private company. It is necessary for running a private company must note have at least more than 50 members where they not able to investment from the general public but the public companies has no limitation on restriction for having any members of shareholders. These companies are more stringent disclosure and reporting requirements as a property company and Corporation Act 2001 (Tricker and Tricker 2015). There are four kinds of Companies are incorporated under the Corporation Act 2011 which are public no liability company where only the no liability company can use the legislation for meaning purposes. The unlimited company which share capital fair the share capital only be used as public or property under this company investment only used for the members who want to withdraw their investment capital from this organization. They also faced with the disadvantages where they became personally liable for the debts of the company. The company limited by shares which also applicable for the public or property organization and it only able to use for the business purposes (Whincop 2017). Under this company the members become personally liable for any unpaid subscription price where they owned their shares in those organizations. The public company limited by guarantee is defined the corporation which should be a public company and they must be subject to the stringent disclosure and report ing requirements under the Corporation Act 2001. According to this act the companies limited by guarantee never have rights to issue shares. The public company limited by guarantee only profitable for the fluctuating membership where the members do not need to buy shares in the company it and it only structured limits liability of members. This organization only offers the amount payable for share issued liability is limited where it agree to the amount in a guarantee which only contributed by the members of the company. Therefore when a company incorporates they must use the Limited or Ltd along with the name of the corporation. When a public company limited by guarantee has been incorporated they are required to open the registered office for at least 3 hours in each business days and the arrangements of the business should be found by a professional business organization (Whincop 2017). According to the section 117 has define the legislation of the application for registration of any company. The section 118 has given the rights to the ASIC to keeps the company or organizations where the company can register under this act and after the registration it will issue the certificate for incorporate the business. The section 119A has legislates the jurisdiction of incorporation and jurisdiction of registration organization. According to the section the organization or the company only has right to incorporate under a particular of Jurisdiction where the company can be registered under the specified state or Territory of the Australia. The section 120 has registered for the members, directors and a company secretary of the newly registered organization where under the registration process a person can become a member director for company secretary with specified applications (Tricker and Tricker 2015). According to the case fact Richard has an extensive olive grove in the Hunter Valley region of NSW where he has establishes 12000 trees and recently purchased his neighbors adjoining property with a view to expansion. Now his 2 sons has joined him for expand the business and they are looking for opportunities for the business opening in the markets. Also planning to make the business as a family business which will be easier for them to raise the capital and it will get also tax benefits in operating a business through a company structure rather than as a sole trader or partnership. Richard wants to give the name of his company Ridali where his sons prefer the name Richs Guaranteed Olives. Now for the incorporation under the Corporation Act 2001 the family business which they are planning to incorporate should be the private company where they can invest their capital amount for the business purposes (Whincop 2017). According to the section 117 they can apply for the registration for their property company under section 118 the ASIC gives company ACN registration for running the business where they can issue the certificates. When the certificate has been issued it provide the company's name, companies CAN, companies type, company is registered as a company under the Corporation Act 2001. Under the state or Territory of the jurisdiction where the company is taken to be registered and the date of registration of the company has been mentioned. Under section 119 of Corporation Act has legislates the existence of registration where the corporation can be exist as a body of corporation at the beginning of the day when it will be registered under the section 117 and 118 and the name of the company also specified in the certificate of registration. The section 120 will decide the members, directors and company secretary of the new register organization and the section 121 will specified the registered office where the address has been mentioned in the application for the registration for the organization proposed registered office and it will become the official registered address for the organization where they incorporate their business (Tricker and Tricker 2015). According to the Corporation Act 2001 Richard and his sons can incorporate their business as a property company where they are required to register under this act. They will apply for the registration and get the date, prediction number and name and the address of registered office for running the business. It is necessary for every Corporation to register their business before day incorporate the organization and with a proper name along with a registered office is also necessary for the registration of the business (Tricker and Tricker 2015). The issue has been arises whether Terry can take any legal action against Lazarus Private Limited and CMS or CM for the problems he has faced due to the employment under CMS? According to the Section 124 of the Corporation Act 2001 has legislated the legal capacity and powers and individual both in and outside of the jurisdiction where a business can separate from and another business or individually with value to the accountability. According to their legal entity a corporation or a limited liability company is exist as a separate legal body because they have bound to do the activities separately according to the entity from those of the individual or the other company and they has powers to include issues or cancel shares from the company. Under the separate legal entity a company can distribute any of the companys property among the members and provide security for uncalled capital and also helps to register the new company under the jurisdiction and according to the law of registration (Waqas and Rehman 2016). Salomon V A Salomon And Co Ltd [1897] is one of the famous case of English law where the concept of separate legal entity has arises for the companies. This case has been established according to the Companies Act 1862 but later according to the Corporation Act Section 124 which has been described about the legal capacity of the separate entity of the business. In this case the court has been described the principles of separate legal personality where it helps to cover the initial commercial law of regime. The doctrine of separate legal entity has been described on the basis of company law and the corporate theory (Tricker and Tricker 2015). Under the separate legal entity that there should be control and taken under the companys name and it must belong to the company but sometimes it mean not found to be related directly with the shareholders of directors of the company. A separate legal entity has been established there for the debts and liabilities has automatically make the legal rights for the company under some circumstances (Whincop 2017). Lee v Lees Air Farming Ltd (1961) is another famous case of separate legal entity where the house of Lords has establishes the facts for the company has right to make a relationship and enter in a employment contract under some circumstances. When a company has provided with the separate legal entity then all the obligations has formed to establish a contractual relation with the shareholders the directors and others member who are related in the companies controlling member (Waqas and Rehman 2016). Andar Transport Pty Ltd v Brambles Ltd (2004) as another example of separate legal entity case where the court has been illustrated where terms of introduction has been found between the legal principles in the Corporate law and the employers duty of care. It is the duty of the corporation that they must provide proper safe system of work for the every members of the company. It is necessary that employee of company who on the position of the separate legal entity must bound to do their duties where it is necessary to provide a safe work system where any employees must not be injured (Tricker and Tricker 2015). The terms of the piercing of the corporate veil it helps to establish the facts in the Corporation where the separate legal entity principles has found and fair with the Corporation under these principles. It is necessary for the court to found the actual person who holds the duty of legal separate entity behind the veil and must establish the facts of the actual true nature of the company. It only applicable in the area of law where it has been ill defined, inconsistent and quite unpredictable. Briggs v James Hardie Co Pty Ltd Co Pty Ltd (1989) is one of the famous cases of Corporate veil where the court has mentioned to lift the veil due to the establishment of ill defined, inconsistent and unpredictable situation (Waqas and Rehman 2016). The Cosmo Mining Services Pty Ltd (CMS) has a subsidiary as Cosmo Mine Ltd (CM) as CM and it owes 120 of the 200 issued shares of CMS. Recently CMS has better attracted considerable media attention as scientist discovered that CMS mining activities have contaminated a nearby river which supplies the water of the mine and Gunbarrel. However a number of Gunbarrel resident and former employees including Terry have contracted cancer because they drank the terminated water. It is the CMS potentials liability to their employees and the resident of Gunbarrel. The CMS shareholders have vote in favor of selling CMS business to an newly formed company Lazarus Private Limited and winding up the CMS (Whincop 2017). According to the Section 124 a company can Incorporated with the separate legal entity due to the failure of veil of the corporation. Therefore the company can be liable for the debts incurred by the corporation in itself unable to pay those debts and due to the fall. Therefore it is completely insolvent if it cannot pay the debts when they become due. In this situation it is the duty of the company that they must look for the cash flow of the company where the anticipated current and future cash can be sufficient to unable to pay the debts and the financial position of the company will be establish whether the company is liable to pay the debts to the shareholders or any other issues related to the company. The section 588G has defined the personal liability of the directors for debts incurred by the company when it is become insolvent. Therefore it is only applicable when the directors have found personally liable for the debts on to creditors for trading for the insolvent (Tricker and Tricker 2015). Conclusion According to the case facts Terry has right to take legal action against CMS or CM for the issues have suffered due to the drinking of the contaminated water which has been supplied into the mine and Gunbarrel. Though company has sell their business to another company it is the duty of the CMS that they hold a potential liability and safe workplace for the employees in the Corporation (Waqas and Rehman 2016). Therefore they are liable to pay the compensation to Terry as because he has contacted with cancer due to the contaminated water which he has drunk. Reference Andar Transport Pty Ltd v Brambles Ltd (2004) 206 ALR 387; (2004) HCA 28 Briggs v James Hardie Co Pty Ltd Co Pty Ltd (1989) 16 NSWLR 549 Lee v Lees Air Farming Ltd (1961) AC12 Salomon V A Salomon And Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 Tricker, R.B. and Tricker, R.I., 2015. Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Waqas, M. and Rehman, Z., 2016. Separate Legal Entity of Corporation: The Corporate Veil. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 3(1), pp.1-4. Whincop, M.J., 2017. Corporate governance in government corporations. Routledge.